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chapter 1 introduction to distributed systems, 1.3 what is a real-time system? -a real-time satisfy bounded response time constraints or suffer serve consequences., 1.4.2 parallel software paradigms, 1.2 what is a distributed system -, tree structured, replicated code,partitioned data, introduction to distributed systems, -is a collection of heterogenous computers and processors connected via a network -this collection work closely together to accomplish a common goal , 7.application layer-the user interface and establishing authority and availability for resource usage are the dominating functions of the application layer, wide area networks(wan), the client server -the client is the manager and the server(s) are the subordinates -when the client wants something done it gives the task to the server, when finish the client is told. , 6.presentation layer- responsible for the syntax of the message data and performing the appropriate conversions., 1.3.1 real-time events characteristics, 2. data link layer-responsible for flow control that involves controlling the amount and speed of information transmitted frames as a form of error control., synchronous -event are predictable and occur with precise regularity if they are to occur., 4.transport layer-the primary function of the transport layer is to determine the class of service necessary for communication over the network, to provide a common, consistent global view of the file system, name space, time, security, and access to resources, assemby line, 1.2.4 distributed versus centralized soultions, asynchronus -events are entirely unpredictable, 1. physical layer-(lowest level)-in charge of placing the bits on the wire and all protocols regarding how many connectors on an adapter, iso osi reference model -the reference is divided into seven layers -the lower the number the closer to the network, isochronous -if event occur within a given window of time, 1. repeater-a unintelligent device that simply repeats everything from one networks. 2.bridge-an untelligent device that only transfers data from one subnet to another if its destination is on that subnet or it must travel on that subnet to reach its destination. 3. router- a router is even more advanced than a bridge in that it can also connect lan segments that possibly employ different protocols. 4. backbone-a lan that does not contain users on the network but rather other networks, 1.1 what is an operating system?, process management, communicaton, memory access management,resource scheduling,information and resource security, integrity of data, meeting deadlines, 3. network layer-dominating function is that of routng a message from the source to the destination., network system, reactive -involves a system that has constraint interaction with its environment., the peer to peer -is a natural of the client server -each member of the computing team may make a service request of other members, -cpu,memory module(s), media storage, sound and video boards, buses or interconnection networks, modem and network adapters, monitors, terminals, printers, and other output devices, keyboards,pointing devices, scanners, and other input devices -, centralized -the simplest form -place entire decision and all related info in one location., heterogeneous computers are connected by a network and are not tightly coupled, - is the computer's project manager. -it controls,regulates,coordinates,and schedules all the process and their utilization of the resources., local area networks(lan) -are typically owned by a single entity and are only a few kilometers in area, 5. session layer-is predominantly concerned with the organized and synchronization between the source and destination throughout their communication., embedded -is used to control specialized hardware that is installed in a larger system., 1.network latency 2. bandwidth versus cost 3.routing optimization 4.micronetwork characteristics, 1.3.2 network characters affecting distributed real-time applications, distributed -do not offer critical element but do have their own weakness, attempt to provide a common global view, nor does it place place significant demands on the participating systems, 1.4 what is a parallel system? -a parallel system consists of multiple processors, 1.4.1 parallel architectures 1.bus, 2.crossbar interconnection network,3.hypercube, 4.shuffle-exchange interconnection network , -ethernet -token ring -fiber distributed data interface